0.021/0.02/100=1.05% of tt for crude.
similarly, refining lyst costs 0.7% of tt, refining gold – 0.007%
exceptions: ME (due to 1:100 split), one-to-many refining (e.g. timber to veneer)
Both http://mininglog.com/ and the application work for me.
edit: the website doesn't support HTTPS atm though, so that "weird error" might be your browser being paranoid.
Did you already complete Thule (the starter area)?
If yes, you might try to go back there (talk to the guy next to VTOL on the beach south of Camp Icarus), run through Thule and talk once again to the guy at the end of it.
If you're active on multiple planets, you might want to consider Yamato.
It's slower and runs just twice a week but gives you option to collect stuff from multiple planets for the cost of one ticket.
Most timers are clientside.
If you want to test, you can make a team hunt with some friends and 'looter takes all' rules. My bet is that the loot distribution will be random and close to equal, with the guy with the best hardware having a very slight advantage.
1. No
2. Yes (apart from some mobs that have several different attacks)
Bonus question:
your innate crit reduction exists so that buffs can improve it. :)
It is maxed at 15% of the maximum damage if your relevant defensive profession exceeds the mob's L more than 3x. Note that mob Ls are...